Saad Tarabichi, Matthew Sherman, Kerri-Anne Ciesielka, Colin Baker, Javad Parvizi.
Response/Recommendation: Low-dose aspirin (ASA) is currently the most effective and safest method of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty (TJA). We recommend the use of low-dose ASA as the primary method of VTE prophylaxis in all patients undergoing TJA, including moderate-to high-risk patients.
Strength of Recommendation: Strong.
Rationale: The risk of VTE in orthopaedic surgery patients is well established1. Patients undergoing elective total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) are considered at high risk for the development of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and subsequent pulmonary embolism (PE) that can be fatal2. Historical estimates of the incidence of DVT without prophylaxis are between 40% and 84% after TKA and around 39% to 74% after THA3. Recent clinical practice guidelines (CPG) on effective and safe VTE prophylaxis, along with perioperative protocols regarding early post-operative mobilization and spinal anesthesia, have drastically reduced morbidity and mortality secondary to VTE4,5. Nevertheless, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) predicts that the number of patients undergoing TJA and consequently the number of thromboembolic complications is on the rise6.
In 2008 the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons (AAHKS) conducted a survey of its members to explore current hospital guidelines for VTE prophylaxis following TJA. 99% of respondents said they routinely utilized either chemical or mechanical prophylaxis following both TKA/THA7. Despite not being able to recommend a specific agent, the 2011 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) CPG advised that all patients undergoing TJA must receive some form of VTE prophylaxis8. However, the more recent American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines of 2012 endorsed the use of ASA as an appropriate method of VTE prophylaxis following TJA9. Currently, the selection of a VTE prophylactic agent following arthroplasty is largely determined by individual surgeon preference10. Common anti-coagulants used for the prevention of VTE in orthopaedic patients include ASA, warfarin, injectable agents like low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), and the more recently approved Factor Xa inhibitors such as rivaroxaban and apixaban11. The decision of which anticoagulant to use entails achieving an ideal balance of agent efficacy, while also avoiding the adverse side effects brought on by drugs with higher risk profiles12.
Comparative analyses were performed using Network Meta-Analyses (NMA) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals reported. Evaluation of all included studies, levels I-IV, showed that low-dose ASA (100 mg) demonstrated the lowest risk of VTE development13–17. Compared to low-dose ASA, LMWH (postop), LMWH (preop), and rivaroxaban did not significantly differ in their risk of developing VTE, with OR of 1.11 (0.33, 3.76), 1.36 (0.41, 4.50), and 1.38 (0.55, 3.45), respectively. Conversely, high-dose ASA (325 mg) showed the greatest risk of VTE with an OR of 7.90 (2.60, 24.05) followed by heparin (5.94 [2.28, 15.47]) and mechanical prophylaxis (5.76 [1.87, 17.73]), when compared to low-dose ASA. When assessing for bleeding events in all studies, low-dose ASA (81 mg) exhibited the lowest risk estimate and was used as a reference. Mechanical prophylaxis (1.97 [0.04, 94.52]), LMWH 20 mg (2.93 [0.20, 43.80]) and low-dose warfarin (4.32 [0.25, 75.41]) showed the next lowest estimates but did not significantly differ in risk from low-dose ASA. Thrombin inhibitors (23.91 [1.94, 295.06]) were the most likely to be associated with bleeding events, followed by LMWH (postop) (19.66 [1.53, 252.94]) and heparin (18.32 [1.45, 231.39])18–24.
Limiting the analysis to only level I (RCT) studies, rivaroxaban demonstrated the lowest risk of VTE development5,25–28. Low-dose ASA (100 mg), when compared to rivaroxaban, did not significantly differ in risk of VTE development with an OR of 1.61 (0.47, 5.54). Apixaban (2.70 [1.30, 5.62]) and direct thrombin inhibitors (3.49 [1.91, 6.39]) had the next lowest risk of VTE. Additionally, LMWH given post-operatively had an OR of 3.89 (1.38, 10.97). High-dose ASA when compared with rivaroxaban, was found to have the highest OR of VTE development at 26.11 (6.69, 101.90) followed by LMWH 30 mg (15.02 [1.98, 114.01] and low-dose warfarin (13.83 [6.13, 31.18]). LMWH (20 mg) demonstrated the lowest probability of bleeding events in level I studies and was used as a reference. Low-dose warfarin (1.37 [0.25, 7.58]), mechanical prophylaxis (0.69 [0.03, 15.53]), one dose of heparin (3.11 [0.98, 9.89]) and ASA (4.03 [1.02, 15.97]) had relatively low risk of bleeding when compared to LMWH 20 mg. 100 mg ASA (8.67 [2.32, 32.40]), thrombin inhibitors (7.01 [2.50, 19.64] and heparin (6.23 [2.39, 16.21]) increased the risk of bleeding, when compared with LMWH 20 mg13–15,29,30.
The results of our meta-analysis are consistent with currently published scientific literature. We found that in level-I studies, rivaroxaban exhibited slightly lower rates of VTE occurrence when compared to ASA. However, the significance of this is limited, as only four such studies included ASA, none of which directly compared ASA to rivaroxaban5,13,15,29. Overall, we found that low-dose ASA was effective at preventing VTE when compared to other measures. In addition, it exhibited lower rates of bleeding when compared to more commonly used prophylactic agents5,13,15,21,29–33.
In the United States, ASA has emerged as the most commonly used VTE prophylactic agent following TJA7. This widespread adoption of ASA for VTE prophylaxis in TJA has reinforced its standing as a safe and effective agent, that requires no blood test for monitoring1. In a recent meta-analysis of RCT, Matharu et al.34, demonstrated that there was no difference in risk of developing VTE, in patients receiving ASA vs. other anticoagulants following TJA. Furthermore, Rondon et al.35, showed that patients who received ASA, vs. those in the non-ASA cohort, had a 3-fold and 2-fold reduction in risk of death following TJA at 30-days and 1-year, respectively. In addition, ASA has a considerably more benign risk profile when compared to other more potent anticoagulants. Patients receiving ASA experience substantially lower rates of bleeding, hematomas, wound infection, and periprosthetic joint infection1,36.
Recent literature has now discredited previously made determinations that high-dose ASA (325 mg twice a day) provides greater protection against cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events than low-dose ASA (75-100 mg twice a day)37,38. Likewise, the Pulmonary Embolism Prevention trial of 2001 showed that low-dose ASA significantly reduced the incidence of DVT and PE in patients undergoing TJA39. Despite the AAOS guidelines8 recommending high-dose ASA (325 mg twice a day) for VTE prevention following TJA, Parvizi et al.35,40, demonstrated that low-dose (81 mg twice a day) ASA was just as effective at VTE prevention as high-dose ASA, while also exhibiting no difference in mortality rates up to 1 year postoperatively. Moreover, low-dose ASA is also associated with lower rates of bleeding than high-dose ASA and may potentially reduce gastrointestinal toxicity41.
Even with the advent of newer more potent anticoagulants, conventional low-dose ASA remains the most optimal method of VTE prophylaxis following TJA. The results of this meta-analysis, along with previously published literature, reiterate low-dose ASA’s position as an effective, safe, widely available, and inexpensive agent.
Table 1: Studies, design, anticoagulation used, and size of the sample.
Author’s Last Name | Year of Publication | Type of Design | Type of Surgery | Chemical Name | Sample Size |
German Hip Arthroplasty Group42 | 1992 | Classic RCT | Hip | Heparin | 168 |
LMWH | 167 | ||||
Laguardia18 | 1992 | Classic RCT | Hip | LMWH (Pre-Op) | 19 |
LMWH (Post-Op) | 21 | ||||
Leyvraz et al.43 | 1992 | Classic RCT | Hip | Heparin | 139 |
LMWH | 145 | ||||
Leyvraz et al.44 | 1991 | Classic RCT | Hip | Heparin | 175 |
LMWH | 174 | ||||
Freick45 | 1991 | Classic RCT | Hip | Heparin | 48 |
LMWH | 52 | ||||
Planès et al.46 | 1991 | Classic RCT | Hip | LMWH | 65 |
LMWH (20 mg) | 61 | ||||
LMWH (40 mg) | 62 | ||||
Levineet al.26 | 1991 | Classic RCT | Hip | Heparin | 263 |
LMWH | 258 | ||||
Eriksson et al.47 | 1991 | Classic RCT | Hip | Heparin | 59 |
LMWH | 63 | ||||
Planèset al.48 | 1988 | Classic RCT | Hip | Heparin | 112 |
LMWH | 107 | ||||
Planèset al.48 | 1988 | Classic RCT | Hip | Heparin | 113 |
LMWH | 124 | ||||
Josefsson et al.29 | 1987 | Classic RCT | Hip | ASA | 40 |
Heparin | 42 | ||||
Planès et al.49 | 1986 | Classic RCT | Hip | LMWH (60 mg) | 50 |
LMWH (30 mg) | 28 | ||||
LMWH (40 mg) | 50 | ||||
LMWH (20 mg) | 100 | ||||
RD Heparin Arthroplasty Group50 | 1994 | Classic RCT | Total Joint | Heparin (Twice) | 328 |
Heparin (Once) | 320 | ||||
Warfarin | 321 | ||||
Menzin et al.51 | 1994 | Classic RCT | Hip | Heparin | 209 |
LMWH (30 mg) | 195 | ||||
LMWH (40 mg) | 203 | ||||
Colwell Jr. Et al.52 | 1994 | Classic RCT | Hip | Heparin | 209 |
LMWH (30 mg) | 195 | ||||
LMWH (40 mg) | 203 | ||||
Hull et al.53 | 1993 | Classic RCT | Total Joint | LMWH | 715 |
Warfarin | 721 | ||||
Hull54 | 1997 | Classic RCT | Total Joint | LMWH | 590 |
Warfarin | 617 | ||||
Francis et al.55 | 1997 | Classic RCT | Hip | LMWH | 192 |
Warfarin | 190 | ||||
Eriksson et al.22 | 1997 | Classic RCT | Hip | LMWH | 1023 |
Thrombin Inhibitors | 1028 | ||||
Warwick et al.56 | 1998 | Classic RCT | Hip | Mechanical | 136 |
LMWH | 138 | ||||
Colwell Jr. et al.57 | 1999 | Classic RCT | Hip | LMWH | 1516 |
Warfarin | 1495 | ||||
Kakkar et al.58 | 2000 | Classic RCT | Hip | Heparin | 134 |
LMWH | 125 | ||||
Hull et al.19 | 2000 | Classic RCT | Hip | LMWH (Pre-Op) | 152 |
LMWH (Post-Op) | 139 | ||||
Warfarin | 133 | ||||
Borghi et al.23 | 2002 | Observational Retrospective | Hip | Heparin | 192 |
LMWH | 457 | ||||
Turpie et al.24 | 2002 | Classic RCT | Hip | LMWH | 797 |
Thrombin Inhibitors | 787 | ||||
Eriksson et al.59 | 2002 | Classic RCT | Total Joint | LMWH | 308 |
Thrombin Inhibitors | 1169 | ||||
Eriksson et al.60 | 2003 | Classic RCT | Total Joint | LMWH | 1184 |
Thrombin Inhibitors | 1141 | ||||
Colwell Jr. et al.61 | 2003 | Classic RCT | Hip | LMWH | 775 |
Thrombin Inhibitors | 782 | ||||
Eriksson et al.60 | 2003 | Classic RCT | Total Joint | LMWH | 1178 |
Thrombin Inhibitors | 1138 | ||||
Pitto et al.62 | 2004 | Classic RCT | Hip | Mechanical | 100 |
LMWH | 100 | ||||
Enyart63 | 2005 | Observational Prospective | Total Joint | LMWH | 2627 |
Warfarin | 770 | ||||
Senaran et al.64 | 2006 | Classic RCT | Hip | Heparin | 50 |
LMWH | 50 | ||||
Della Valle et al.5 | 2006 | Observational Prospective | Hip | ASA (325 mg) | 1599 |
Warfarin | 348 | ||||
Gelfer et al.13 | 2006 | Classic RCT | Total Joint | ASA (100 mg) | 61 |
LMWH | 60 | ||||
Cohen et al.65 | 2007 | Classic RCT | Total Joint | Thrombin Inhibitors | 400 |
Thrombin Inhibitors (with compression stocks) | 395 | ||||
Eriksson et al.66 | 2007 | Classic RCT | Hip | Factor Xa Inhibitor (220 mg) | 1146 |
Factor Xa Inhibitor (150 mg) | 1163 | ||||
LMWH | 1154 | ||||
Tian et al.15 | 2007 | Classic RCT | Total Joint | ASA (100 mg) | 100 |
LMWH | 140 | ||||
Eriksson et al.28 | 2008 | Classic RCT | Hip | Rivaroxaban | 2209 |
LMWH | 2224 | ||||
Kakkar et al.27 | 2008 | Classic RCT | Total Joint | Rivaroxaban | 1228 |
LMWH | 1229 | ||||
Colwell Jr. et al.14 | 2010 | Other | Hip | ASA (81 mg) | 199 |
LMWH | 196 | ||||
Raskob et al.67 | 2010 | Other | Hip | Factor Xa Inhibitor | 170 |
Factor Xa Inhibitor | 158 | ||||
LMWH | 144 | ||||
Lassen et al.68 | 2010 | Classic RCT | Hip | Apixaban | 1949 |
LMWH | 1917 | ||||
Erikssonet al.69 | 2011 | Other | Hip | Factor Xa Inhibitor | 792 |
LMWH | 785 | ||||
Intermountain Joint Replacement Center Writing Committee33 | 2011 | Observational Prospective | Total Joint | ASA (325 mg) | 152 |
Warfarin | 129 | ||||
Warfarin | 415 | ||||
Kwong70 | 2011 | Other | Total Joint | Factor Xa Inhibitor | 6183 |
LMWH | 6200 | ||||
Khatod et al.71 | 2011 | Observational Retrospective | Hip | ASA | 934 |
LMWH | 7202 | ||||
Warfarin | 6063 | ||||
Jameson et al.25 | 2011 | Observational Retrospective | Total Joint | ASA | 22942 |
LMWH | 85642 | ||||
Raskob et al.72 | 2012 | Other | Total Joint | Apixaban | 3394 |
LMWH | 3394 | ||||
Nieto et al.73 | 2012 | Other | Total Joint | Factor Xa Inhibitor | 12200 |
LMWH | 12261 | ||||
Vulcano et al.32 | 2012 | Observational Retrospective | Total Joint | ASA (325 mg) | 1115 |
Warfarin | 426 | ||||
Fuji et al.74 | 2012 | Other | Total Joint | Factor Xa Inhibitor (Low) | 136 |
LMWH | 82 | ||||
Factor Xa Inhibitor | 134 | ||||
Beyer-Westendorf et al.75 | 2012 | Observational Retrospective | Total Joint | Rivaroxaban | 1043 |
LMWH | 1495 | ||||
Shoda et al.20 | 2015 | Observational Retrospective | Total Joint | LMWH | 11049 |
Thrombin Inhibitors | 22727 | ||||
Charters et al.76 | 2015 | Observational Retrospective | Total Joint | Rivaroxaban | 649 |
LMWH | 1113 | ||||
Bonarelli et al.77 | 2015 | Observational Prospective | Hip | Factor Xa Inhibitor | 211 |
LMWH | 196 | ||||
Heckmannet al.78 | 2015 | Observational Prospective | Total Joint | Rivaroxaban | 838 |
LMWH | 464 | ||||
Özleret al.79 | 2015 | Classic RCT | Total Joint | Rivaroxaban | 60 |
LMWH | 60 | ||||
Ricketet al.80 | 2016 | Observational Retrospective | Total Joint | Rivaroxaban | 440 |
LMWH | 438 | ||||
Kim81 | 2016 | Other | Hip | Rivaroxaban | 350 |
LMWH | 351 | ||||
Huang et al.31 | 2016 | Observational Retrospective | Total Joint | ASA | 796 |
Warfarin | 6723 | ||||
Deirmengian30 | 2016 | Observational Retrospective | Hip | ASA | 534 |
Warfarin | 2463 | ||||
Yhim et al.21 | 2017 | Observational Retrospective | Hip | ASA | 3654 |
Rivaroxaban | 4843 | ||||
LMWH | 13653 | ||||
Thrombin Inhibitors | 997 | ||||
Yhimet al.21 | 2017 | Observational Retrospective | Knee | ASA | 24612 |
Rivaroxaban | 64859 | ||||
LMWH | 55181 | ||||
Thrombin Inhibitors | 7721 | ||||
Lindquist et al.82 | 2018 | Observational Retrospective | Total Joint | ASA (325 mg) | 366 |
Rivaroxaban | 438 | ||||
LMWH | 440 | ||||
Senay et al.83 | 2018 | Observational Prospective | Total Joint | Factor Xa Inhibitor | 904 |
LMWH | 1468 | ||||
Tan et al.84 | 2019 | Observational Retrospective | Total Joint | ASA | 13610 |
LMWH | 17554 | ||||
Warfarin | 29303 | ||||
Ghosh et al.85 | 2019 | Observational Prospective | Total Joint | ASA | 6078 |
Clopidogrel | 56 | ||||
Factor Xa Inhibitor | 40 | ||||
LMWH | 995 | ||||
Warfarin | 105 | ||||
Kasinaet al.86 | 2019 | Observational Prospective | Hip | Rivaroxaban | 5752 |
LMWH | 26881 | ||||
Gage et al.87 | 2019 | Classic RCT | Total Joint | Warfarin (Low) | 804 |
Warfarin | 793 | ||||
Cheallaigh et al.88 | 2020 | Observational Retrospective | Total Joint | ASA | 3460 |
Rivaroxaban | 1212 | ||||
LMWH | 961 | ||||
Matharuet al.89 | 2020 | Observational Retrospective | Hip | ASA | 35904 |
Factor Xa Inhibitor | 29522 | ||||
Thrombin Inhibitors | 3864 | ||||
Matharu et al.89 | 2020 | Observational Retrospective | Knee | ASA | 42590 |
Factor Xa Inhibitor | 30697 | ||||
Thrombin Inhibitors | 41323 | ||||
Rahman et al.90 | 2020 | Other | Hip | Rivaroxaban | 80 |
LMWH | 80 | ||||
Ren et al.91 | 2021 | Observational Retrospective | Hip | ASA (100 mg) | 34 |
Rivaroxaban | 36 | ||||
Bortonet al.92 | 2021 | Observational Retrospective | Hip | ASA | 2560 |
LMWH | 1049 | ||||
Warfarin | 193 | ||||
Uvodichet al.17 | 2021 | Observational Retrospective | Total Joint | ASA (81 mg) | 961 |
ASA | 2551 | ||||
Hovik16 | 2021 | Observational Prospective | Total Joint | ASA (81 mg) | 1084 |
LMWH | 5010 |
RCT=Randomized clinical trial; LMWH=Low-molecular-weight heparin; mg=milligrams: ASA=Aspirin.
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