185 – Do patients undergoing hip arthroscopy require routine VTE prophylaxis?

185 – Do patients undergoing hip arthroscopy require routine VTE prophylaxis?

Damian R. Griffin, Óliver Marín-Peña, Marc W. Nijhof.

Response/Recommendation: The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after hip arthroscopy (HA) is low and routine VTE prophylaxis is not required. In patients with particular risk factors, VTE prophylaxis might be considered.

Strength of Recommendation: Limited.

Rationale: The use of arthroscopic techniques in and around the hip has rapidly increased in recent years1,2. For some conditions, such as femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome, there is randomized controlled trial evidence of the clinical effectiveness of HA3. The risk of complications, including VTE, following HA is low4. In order to answer the question whether patients undergoing HA require routine VTE prophylaxis, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review of the available literature (Table 1). Most studies related to this subject matter are of low methodological quality5: retrospective case reports or series6–15 or national guidelines16,17. There are three retrospective database studies that specifically evaluated the incidence of symptomatic VTE after HA10,18,19. Three prospective cohort studies used ultrasound screening to identify asymptomatic VTE20–22. Four previous systematic reviews found that their conclusions were limited by overall low-quality evidence, incomplete reporting, and poor definition of surgical and patient risk factors, and by heterogeneity of procedures performed, type and duration of prophylaxis, and method of detection of VTE events23–26.

The overall risk of VTE, after HA, was reported to be between 0.2% to 9.5%6,7,10,12,13,15,19,21,22,26,27. Symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) rates were 0.4-3.5%6,8,18,20,22,23,25,27, whilst the rate of asymptomatic DVT detected by ultrasound screening was 6.9%21. The risk of pulmonary embolism (PE) was 0.08-1.5%6,7,18,23,25 with a mortality rate of 0.02%18.  Some studies attempted to identify risk factors for VTE among patients undergoing HA that included smoking, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), age, obesity, oral contraceptive use, history of trauma, prolonged intraoperative traction, or prolonged postoperative immobilization27. No prospective cohort studies had adequate sample size to explore these suggested risk factors. One retrospective database study of 9,477 patients6, identified age ≥ 45, obesity, smoking, diabetes, and COPD as independent risk factors, but neither gender nor oral contraceptive use were risk factors for VTE after HA.

Based on our review of the literature, no clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing HA was identified. One systematic review26 explored the role of chemoprophylaxis in this patient population, which included aspirin (ASA), low-molecular-weight heparin or other unspecified drugs. The pooled VTE rate was 2.0% in patients with prophylaxis compared with 3.6% in those without, a difference which was not statistically significant. In a prospective study with 880 HA involved, high-risk VTE patients were treated with chemoprophylaxis and low-risk VTE patients with early mobilization and physiotherapy in first 24 hours. VTE rate in low-risk group was 0.16% and in high-risk group 1.2%27.

In conclusion, although the evidence is sparse, the risk of VTE after HA is low. Thus, based on available data routine administration of VTE prophylaxis for patients undergoing HA is not justified. Patients at higher risk of VTE may benefit from the use of mechanical and/or chemical prophylaxis, which includes ASA.

Table 1.          Overview of the results of selected studies.

AuthorsYearNumber of patientsDescription of patientsCommentProceduresIncidence VTERisk factorsEffect of prophylaxis
Khazi et al.620199,477Age > 20 (77.5% age ≥ 45)Retrospective study.HAOverall VTE: 0.77% at 1-month and 1.14% at 3-months. DVT: 0.57% at 1-month and 0,82% at 3-months. PE: 0,3% at 1-month and 0,43% at 3-months.Risk factor: obesity, smoking, diabetes. No risk factor: age, gender in comparison VTE vs. No-VTE cohort at 90-days.No info.
Malviya et al.1820156,395Age 38 (11-38)Retrospective NHS database.HA 2005-20130.08% (5/6,395) for both 90-day DVT and PE rate 0.08%)No info.No info.
Bushnell et al.2420085,554No info.Review 27 papers 1797-2007HA0%No info.No info.
Bolia et al.2520184,577Age 36 ± 1.8Systematic review 2000-2017, 28 studies. Remark on publication bias.HA for FAI1.18%; 95% CI [0.8–1.74%] for DVT, 0.59%; 95% CI [0.38–0.92%] for PE. When corrected for publication bias: 2.02% for DVT (Small studies with low DVT rates were more likely to be published than larger studies with low DVT rates).No info.No info.
Haldane et al.2620182,850Age 40.7Systematic review 14 papers (not included papers from 2016 to 2021) Only 2 studies level III/IV.HA2.0% (n 6/25 asymptomatic). To 3,6% (excluded 1 study 0% without treatment).No clear statement about this topic2.0% with prophylaxis vs. 4.2% without prophylaxis.
Truntzer et al.1020172,581Age not specified.RetrospectiveHA 2007-20140.79% (16)/2,581)No info.No info.
Nicolay et al.920192,023Age of all pts 50.86 ± 14.6, 46.7% obese (27,8% of HA obese).Retrospective. Not specified for HAHA 2006-2016Overall, 0,27% (382/all 141,335 scopes), not specified for HA.All scopes (not specified for HA: overweight, BMI (OR 1.474) and class I obesity with DM (OR 1.469).No info.
Larson et al.1920161,615Age 30.5 (12-76)Retrospective.HA0.2% (3/1615)DVT cases: clotting cascade disorder (n = 2) or arteriovenous anomaly (n = 1)No pharmacological prophylaxis, except ASA (650 mg daily) for patients with a known thromboembolic history or clotting cascade disorder or those flying soon (within 3 weeks) after surgery.
Schüttler et al.82018485Age 43.9 (w/o range).Retrospective, low quality.HA 2006-20140,4% (2/484)No info.No info.
Seijas et al.142017258Age 36.6 ± 17.5 (18–61)Retrospective (review of literature).HA 2011-20140% (0/258)Not studied.Not studied (enoxaparin 10 days all patients).
Dutton et al.112016159Military, age 30.9 ± 8.3 years (range, 18-52 years).Retrospective.HA 2000-20140% (0No info.No info.
Niroopan et al.232016144Trauma patients, age range, 10 to 53 years.systematic review 2015. 32 studies (25 case reports -7 case series).HA after trauma0,7% (1 PE/144 0,7%)No info.Not studied (PE case on LMWH)
Alaia et al.202014139Age 37.7, all low risk VTE.Case series. Use US only 58,3% cases. Only low VTE risk patients (exclude 5 high-risk). No VTE prophylaxis.HA1,4% symptomatic.No clear statement about this topic.No prophylaxis.
Mohtadi et al.222016115Age 35.4 ± 10.3 (> 18).Prospective, US.HA4.4% (5/115, 4/5 symptomatic.3,5 %).No statistically significant patient or surgical factors (not powered for).Not studied (all without prophylaxis)
Chaharbakhshi et al.152019107Age 41.6 ± 9.8 (21-61) 42.7 ± 9.9 (20 – 58).Retrospective.HA + microfracture (2008-2014); (57 large 50 small defect).2,8% (3/107).Not studied (DVT only in large defect, but similar traction times).No info (not routinely administered).
Bayley et al.12201782Age 20.4 ± 2.5 (16-25).Retrospective.HA 2005-20131,2% (1/82)No info.No info.
Fukushima et al.21201672Age 46,3 mean.Not included in systematic review by Brown et al.28. Asymptomatic DVT. Recommended prophylaxis in “old ” patients.HA6.94% ultrasound distal DVT (up to 7 days after surgery).DVT mean age 62. No traction time or surgical time.No prophylaxis.
Perets et al.7201866Athletes, age 21.4 ± 8.1.Prospective case series. No info on prophylaxis.HA 2009-20111,5% (1 PE /66)No info.No info.
Collins et al.1320153921 obese/ 18 non-obese patients; Age 38 ± 11.7 (21-64).RetrospectiveHA 2009-20125% (2/39) (9,5% 2/21 in obese, 0% 0/18 in non-obese)Obesity? (Both DVT in obese).Not studied: all on ASA 325 mg daily for 2 weeks.
Randelli et al.1720130 Expert consensus of every orthopaedic procedure. No VTE Prophylaxis low risk patients. LMWH 7 days in high risk.HA & others.Up to 3.7 % no prophylaxis (literature review).No info.No info.
Jenny et al.1620200Survey French surgeons: 69.3% (131/189) of surgeons: prophylaxis in >90% of cases.HANo info.Not mentioned/advised in SFAR guideline 2011.
Verhoogt et al.272020880 Two groups compared: High VTE risk vs. low VTE riskHA Oral contraceptives; BMI > 30kg/m2; Previous VTE; Family Story; Hormone replacement Therapy; DM; Cardiac Pathology; Steroids; Malignancy.High-risk with pharmacological prophylaxis: 1.2%. Low-risk with early ambulation: 0.16%.

VTE=Venous thromboembolism; HA=Hip arthroplasty; DVT=Deep venous thrombosis; PE=Pulmonary embolism; NHS=National health service; FAI=Femoroacetabular impingement; CI=Confidence interval; BMI=Body mass index; OR=Odds ratio; DM=Diabetes mellitus; ASA=Aspirin; LMWH=Low-molecular-weight heparin; US=United States; SFAR= Société Française d’Anesthésie et de Réanimation.

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